Towards rational use of baffle arrays on sloped and horizontal terrain for filtering boulders

Baffle arrays are used to filter boulders from granular flows, such that the impact load exerted on barriers is reduced. However, current guidelines provide limited recommendations on baffle design. In this study, a calibrated discrete element method model was used to model boulders entrained in a bulk granular assembly interacting with baffles and a terminal rigid barrier. Different baffle spacings relative to the boulder diameter (1 < s/δ < 4) were considered. A ratio of s/δ = 1 is recommended for reducing the impact load by up to 80%, whilst s/δ = 4 renders an array of baffles inadequate for filtration. The optimum configuration is a staggered array with three rows of baffles on a horizontal plane in front of a barrier. This layout reduces the peak discharge by up to four times more than a similar array on sloping terrain, compared to channels without baffles. Furthermore, the transition from sloping terrain to a horizontal plane works together with the array of baffles to dissipate flow kinetic energy. On the horizontal plane, baffles attenuate the flow velocity more as the Froude number Fr increases, implying that baffles should be used if high Fr values are anticipated. Finally, guidance is provided on estimating load attenuation from boulder filtration.