Precursors of sport provision diversity attitudes at colleges in Taiwan, United States and Vietnam

This study aims to cross-examine a model about how personality traits, personal values and perceived cultural values contribute to diversity value orientation (DVO) and attitudes toward sport provision diversity (SDA) in three countries: the United States of America (USA), Taiwan (TW) and Vietnam (VN). A questionnaire was distributed both online (via Google form) and the hard copy and it was completed by 142, 145 and 333 college students in the USA, TW and VN respectively where 48% were males. Convenience sampling was employed via mailing lists, social networks, selected courses and university lecturers. The results showed that the USA group seemed to have higher OE (open to experience), S (stimulation), SD (selfdirection) and stronger SDA than the VN group. The TW group was lower than the USA group in OE and S, but higher than the VN group in OE. The analyses of structural equation modeling showed that LPD (low power distance) played as major predictor of DVO and SDA in the model. The explained variance of DVO was 68.8%, whereas SDA was 49.1%. Comparison of the models among the three countries showed that the model worked best in the VN group.