AMFITEATAR U PULI: VELARIJ/AMPHITHEATRE IN PULA: VELARIUM

O velariju i njegovu sustavu pisao sam 2016. godine. Tada sam tvrdio da su na pulskom Amfiteatru, na njegovoj cetvrtoj etazi, ocuvani jedinstveni detalji u kamenu koji omogucuju proucavanje konstrukcije rimskoga velarija kao ni na jednome drugom amfiteatru na svijetu. U sklopu velarija tada se konacno rijesila konstrukcija zagonetne summae cavee in ligneis s pripadajucim palubama na cetvrtoj etazi. Naglasen je najprije velarij jer je njegova osobita konstrukcija svojevrsna zakljucnica Amfiteatra, koja ne zavrsava samim isticanjem 84 drvena jarbola, i to u pravilu bez zatege (straja), umjesto s isprepletenim konopima velarija duz kojih se sekcija razvlace i namjestaju jedra u odnosu na momentalni polozaj Sunca ili na smjer, intenzitet i ucestalost kise nosene vjetrom, ili pak smirena bonacom. Glavnih je nosaca velarija ukupno bilo 84 jarbola (68: 30*30 cm i 16: 18*20 cm), a ne 72 kako se redovito navodi. I wrote about the velarium system in 2016. I asserted then that, unlike any other amphitheatre in the world, the Amphitheatre in Pula (specifically its fourth level) boasts unique preserved stone details that provide insight into the construction of the Roman velaria. In this context the puzzling construction of summa cavea in ligneis with the associated decks on the fourth floor was finally solved. The emphasis is put on the velarium first due to its unique construction which completes the Amphitheatre. It consists not only of 84 wooden masts without backstays but also of the intertwined velaria ropes which serve to stretch and adjust the sails in relation to the current position of the sun or the direction, intensity and frequency of the prevailing winds and rainfall. There was a total of 84 masts as the main velarium carriers (68: 30*30 cm and 16: 18*20 cm), not 72 as often stated. The research presented in this paper is part of a more extensive research on possibly diverse velarium systems. At the beginning of this brief description of the velaria, it is necessary to list the main parts and elements that make up a velarium system. Each of the 23 complex catenaries was stretched over 4 masts connected to 4 pilasters by means of 8 backstays: 4 lower backstays that carry the sails and 4 upper tensioning backstays by means of tackles tied up to the top of the mast in order to elevate their middle parts and create a bell above the auditorium with a slope towards the main deck so that rainwater could be directed to the grooved cornice and waterspouts. A total