The Effect of Mo[S.sub.x] Nanocoatings on the Water Electrolysis Performance Using a Nickel-Foam-Based Bifunctional Catalyst

The ability to increase the efficiency of electrochemical [H.sub.2] and [O.sub.2] evolution reactions in an alkaline solution using nickel-foam-based electrodes has been studied. To improve the catalytic properties of the foam, it was subjected to complex modification via sulfurizing in sulfur-containing gaseous media and the additional formation of amorphous or crystalline Mo[S.sub.x] nanolayers. The foam was sulfidized in hydrogen sulfide or sulfur vapor at a temperature of 400[degrees]C. Amorphous Mo[S.sub.x] films were produced via pulsed laser deposition from a Mo[S.sub.2] target in an [H.sub.2]S atmosphere. To obtain nanocrystalline catalytic Mo[S.sub.x] layers, thin-film Mo precursors were preliminarily applied to the foam pre-sulfurized in sulfur vapor at 400[degrees]C. The deposition of precursors was carried out in vacuum at 22[degrees]C. After deposition, the foam with precursors was oxidized in air at 600[degrees]C. The modified samples were probed via scanning electron microscopy involving microanalysis and Raman spectroscopy. The effect of the precursor layer thickness on the sulfurizing efficiency and phase composition of the modified layers was established. The amorphous layer deposition was found to have a strong impact on only the [O.sub.2] evolution. The crystalline layers obtained via sulfidizing of Mo-containing precursors exerted influence on both the cathodic and anodic reactions. The hydrogen overvoltage at a current density of 10 mA/[cm.sup.2] was -160 mV, and the oxygen overvoltage was below 150 mV, which corresponded to the best electrocatalysts on the nickel foam after the volume modification via conventional chemical treatment (hydro- and solvothermal synthesis).