Socioeconomic disparities in orthodontic treatment outcomes and expenditure on orthodontics in England's state-funded National Health Service: a retrospective observational study

Background This study aimed to assess whether there are potential areas for efficiency improvements in the National Health Service (NHS) orthodontic service in North West England and to assess the socioeconomic status (SES)-related equity of the outcomes achieved by the NHS. Methods The study involved a retrospective analysis of 2008-2012 administrative data, and the study population comprised patients aged [greater than or equai to]10 who started NHS primary care orthodontic treatment in North West England in 2008. The proportions of treatments that were discontinued early and ended with residual need (based on post-treatment Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need [IOTN] scores that met or exceeded the NHS eligibility threshold of 3.6) and the associated NHS expenditure were calculated. In addition, the associations with SES were investigated using linear probability models. Results We found that 7.6% of treatments resulted in discontinuation (which was associated with an NHS annual expenditure of [pounds sterling]2.3 m), and a further 19.4% ([pounds sterling]5.9 m) had a missing outcome record. Furthermore, 5.2% of treatments resulted in residual need ([pounds sterling]1.6 m), and a further 38.3% ([pounds sterling]11.6 m) had missing IOTN data (due to either a missing outcome record or an incomplete IOTN outcome field in the record), which led to an annual NHS expenditure of [pounds sterling]13.2 m (44% of the total expenditure) on treatments that are a potential source of inefficiency. Compared to the patients in the highest SES group, those in the lower SES groups were more likely both to discontinue treatment and to have residual need on treatment completion. Conclusions Substantial inefficiencies were evident in the NHS orthodontic service, with 7.6% of treatments ending in discontinuation ([pounds sterling]2.3 m) and 5.2% ending with residual need ([pounds sterling]1.6 m). Over a third of cases had unreported IOTN outcome scores, which highlights the need to improve the outcome monitoring systems. In addition, the SES gradients indicate inequity in the orthodontic outcomes, with children from disadvantaged communities having poorer outcomes compared to their more affluent peers. Keywords: Orthodontics, Malocclusion, Treatment outcomes, Socioeconomic status