Electron-beam-induced polarization of lithium- and manganese-modified lead ferroniobate ceramics and its respective emission phenomena

A polarization state is formed with an electron beam in ceramic samples of pure lead ferroniobate (PFN) and PFN modified to a superstoichiometric composition at the stage of synthesis by adding 1 wt % lithium carbonate (PFNL) and 1 wt % of magnesia (PFNM). It is shown that in the case of PFNL, polarization by an electron beam is more efficient than the conventional method of “hot” polarization. Reasons for the observed effects, including enhanced electron emission from local irradiated areas on the surface of the ceramics, are discussed.