Hepatic Insulin Resistance Precedes the Development of Diabetes in a Model of Intrauterine Growth Retardation

Hepatic Insulin Resistance Precedes the Development of Diabetes in a Model of Intrauterine Growth Retardation Patricia Vuguin 1 , Elisabeth Raab 2 , Bing Liu 3 , Nir Barzilai 3 and Rebecca Simmons 2 1 Children’s Hospital at Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 2 Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 3 Institute for Aging Research and Diabetes Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York Address correspondence and reprint requests to Patricia Vuguin, MD, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 111 E. 210th St., Bronx, NY 10476. E-mail: vuguin{at}aecom.yu.edu Abstract Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) has been linked to the development of type 2 diabetes in adulthood. We developed an IUGR model in rats whereby at age 3–6 months the animals develop a diabetes that is associated with insulin resistance. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies were performed at age 8 weeks, before the onset of obesity and diabetes. Basal hepatic glucose production (HGP) was significantly higher in IUGR than in control rats (14.6 ± 0.4 vs. 12.3 ± 0.3 mg · kg −1 · min −1 ; P < 0.05). Insulin suppression of HGP was blunted in IUGR versus control rats (10.4 ± 0.6 vs. 6.5 ± 1.0 mg · kg −1 · min −1 ; P < 0.01); however, rates of glucose uptake and glycogenolysis were similar between the two groups. Insulin-stimulated insulin receptor substrate 2 and Akt-2 phosphorylation were significantly blunted in IUGR rats. PEPCK and glucose-6-phosphatase mRNA levels were increased at least threefold in liver of IUGR compared with control rats. These studies suggest that an aberrant intrauterine milieu permanently impairs insulin signaling in the liver so that gluconeogenesis is augmented in the IUGR rat. These processes occur early in life, before the onset of hyperglycemia, and indicate that uteroplacental insufficiency causes a primary defect in gene expression and hepatic metabolism that leads to the eventual development of overt hyperglycemia. G6Pase, glucose-6-phosphatase GADPH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase HGP, hepatic glucose production IRS, insulin receptor substrate IUGR, intrauterine growth retardation NEFA, nonesterified fatty acid PVDF, polyvinylidine difluoride Footnotes Accepted June 28, 2004. Received February 4, 2004. DIABETES