The Role of Active Family Nutritional Support in Navajos’ Type 2 Diabetes Metabolic Control

The Role of Active Family Nutritional Support in Navajos’ Type 2 Diabetes Metabolic Control Carolyn Epple , PHD 1 , Anne L. Wright , PHD 2 , Vijay N. Joish , MS 3 and Mark Bauer , PHD 4 1 Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California 2 Arizona Respiratory Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 4 Diné College, Shiprock, New Mexico Address correspondence and reprint requests to Carolyn Epple, Sonoma State University, 1801 E. Cotati Ave., Rohnert Park, CA 94928. E-mail: carolyn.epple{at}sonoma.edu Abstract OBJECTIVE —We examined if active family nutritional support is associated with improved metabolic outcomes for Diné (Navajo) individuals living with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —The presence of family support, using variables identified in earlier ethnographic research, was assessed via surveys in a convenience sample of 163 diabetic individuals. Diabetes outcome measures (HbA 1c , serum glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, creatinine, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure measures) were extracted from participants’ medical records. Bivariate analyses and multiple logistic regressions were conducted. RESULTS —All measures of family support showed a relation with one or more indicators of metabolic control in bivariate analyses. In multivariate analyses, respondents were more likely to be in the best tertile for triglyceride ( P < 0.05), cholesterol ( P < 0.05), and HbA 1c ( P < 0.05) if another person cooked most of the meals. Respondents in families who bought/cooked “light” foods were more likely to be in the best tertile for triglyceride ( P < 0.005) and cholesterol levels ( P < 0.005), and those in families whose members ate “light” foods with them were more likely to be in the best tertile for triglycerides ( P < 0.005). When all three support variables were entered into a multivariate model, only the variable “other family members cook the majority of the meals” was significantly associated with being in the lowest triglyceride ( P = 0.05), HbA 1c ( P < 0.05), or cholesterol tertiles ( P < 0.05). These relationships were most evident for women with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS —Active family nutritional support, as measured by culturally relevant categories, is significantly associated with control of triglyceride, cholesterol, and HbA 1c levels. The findings suggest that the family is a more