Conifer seed predation in harvested and burned dry Douglas-fir forests in southern British Columbia

Consumption of seeds of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws.) was measured in dry Douglas-fir forest at the Opax Mountain Silvicultural Systems site and a nearby burned area as one component of understanding limited natural regeneration in these sites. Seeds were placed in plots surrounded by a physical barrier to invertebrates, enclosed in mesh impermeable to small mammals, covered by litter, or unprotected in clear-cut, partially harvested, uncut, and burned areas and monitored for three several-day sessions in 2 years. Daily survival rates of unprotected seeds of both species were equally low: 0.63 in uncut forest, 0.45 in partially harvested and clear-cut sites, and 0.03 in the burned area. Experimental reductions of coarse woody debris reduced seed predation moderately in patch cuts but not in uncut forest. Litter cover or selective exclosure of ground-dwelling invertebrates reduced seed losses only slightly, whereas small mammal exclosures eliminated most seed loss. Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus Wagner) are likely the most important seed predators. High rates of seed predation in dry Douglas-fir forests likely limit natural regeneration in harvested and burned stands.