History of grassland management in Latvia
Historically, usage and management of grasslands depended on the development stage of animal husbandry. Although semi-natural grasslands were used even before the emergence of animal husbandry, but the impact was negligible. Significant human impact on grasslands started at the beginning of the curr...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Latvijas Vegetacija (Latvia) 2016 (25) |
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Sprache: | lav |
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Zusammenfassung: | Historically, usage and management of grasslands depended on the development stage of animal husbandry. Although semi-natural grasslands were used even before the emergence of animal husbandry, but the impact was negligible. Significant human impact on grasslands started at the beginning of the current era, when the usage of iron tools began. In the territory of Latvia, semi-natural grasslands developed in the period of extensive agriculture. The process was influenced by a number of conditions. Firstly, all areas suitable for plowing were transformed into crop fields. Only areas, which could not be used as arable fields were utilized for forage production. Secondly, farmers tried to get as much benefit as possible from grassland without investing anything in it; pastures were grazed down to bare soil, and grass in meadows was mowed as close to the ground as possible. Thirdly, the process of traditional hay production facilitated spread of seeds over vast areas. Fourthly, such management continued for at least 700 years, until the beginning of the agricultural intensification period in the late 19th century. Changes that occurred in agriculture of Latvia in the beginning of 20th century negatively affected the diversity of species in semi-natural grasslands. Vast areas of seminatural grasslands were deteriorated by ploughing, draining and cultivating, while in the remaining natural grasslands the modern forage production methods contributed to the loss of semi-natural grasslands.
Zālāju izmantošanas un apsaimniekošanas pamatā ir lopkopības attīstības līmenis. Lai gan zālājus izmantoja arī pirms lopkopības rašanās, cilvēku darbības radītā ietekme uz tiem bija maznozīmīgs. Vērā ņemama cilvēka darbības ietekme uz zālājiem iesākās mūsu ēras sākumā, kad Latvijas teritorijā sāka lietot dzelzs darbarīkus, tajā skaitā izkapti. Ekstensīvās lauksaimniecības periodu var uzskatīt par laiku, kad Latvijas teritorijā izveidojās zālāji, kurus mēs mūsdienās uzskatām par bioloģiski vērtīgiem. To ietekmēja vairāki procesi. Pirmkārt, visas aršanai piemērotās teritorijas izmantoja zemkopības vajadzībām un tās tika pārveidotas tīrumos. Lopbarības ieguvei atstāja platības, kas nederēja labības sējumiem nepiemērota mitruma režīma vai barības vielu daudzuma dēļ. Otrkārt, pļaujot un ganot no zālāja centās iegūt pēc iespējas vairāk labuma, neko tajā neieguldot – ganīja līdz kailai zemei, pļāva, cik zemu bija iespējams. Treškārt, siena ieguves process maksimāli veicināja sēklu izplat |
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ISSN: | 1407-3641 |