Best Practices for Constructed-Response Scoring. Research Report. ETS RR-22-17

This document describes a set of best practices for developing, implementing, and maintaining the critical process of scoring constructed-response tasks. These practices address both the use of human raters and automated scoring systems as part of the scoring process and cover the scoring of written, spoken, performance, or multimodal responses. "Best Practices for Constructed-Response Scoring" is designed not to act as an independent guide, but rather to be used in conjunction with other ETS publications, including the "Guidelines for Constructed-Response and Other Performance Assessments," "ETS Standards for Quality and Fairness," "ETS Guidelines for Fair Tests and Communications," and the "ETS Guidelines for Fairness."