Corrective Action in Low-Performing Schools: Lessons for NCLB Implementation from State and District Strategies in First-Generation Accountability Systems. CSE Report 657

This paper explores what lessons can be learned from the experiences of states that instituted NCLB-like accountability systems prior to 2001 (here called first-generation accountability systems). It looks at the experiences of three smaller states (Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina), four larger ones (California, Florida, New York, Texas), and two large districts (Chicago and Philadelphia). The paper analyzed evaluative reports and policy documents as well as interviews with state officials and researchers. It condensed the material into eight "lessons": (1) sanctions are not the fallback solution; (2) no single strategy has been universally successful; (3) staging should be handled with flexibility; (4) intensive capacity building is necessary; (5) a comprehensive bundle of strategies is key; (6) relationship-building needs to complement powerful programs; (7) competence reduces conflict; and (8) strong state commitment is needed to create system capacity.