Wide range high speed adjustable focusing of high frequency electromagnetic radiation

1,045,563. Modulating light. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION. June 4, 1964 [June 28, 1963], No. 23117/64. Heading H4F. Apparatus for controlling the intensity, and more particularly the point of focus f, Fig. 3, of a beam 14 of plane polarized monochromatic light comprises a plate 50 of muoldable stressoptic material having mounted in its centre a piezo-electric transducer 52 to which is applied oscillatory electrical signals so that standing wave vibrations are set up in plate 50, Figs. 4a and 4b (not shown), the pattern of the standing waves being such that those parts of the beam which pass through areas of the plate subject to substantial periodic variations of mechanical stress interfere constructively to produce an increased intensity of light incident at point f. At the peaks of the standing wave the state of polarization of light passing through the plate is changed, and the shape of the plate is such that the areas defined by these peaks define Fresnel zones so that Fresnel focusing occurs because the emerging light has components which are not polarized in the same plane as the incident light. An analyzer 16 is so orientated as to pass radiation of the polarity induced by the stress-optic material when under stress but excludes radiation of any other polarization. Adjusting the frequency of oscillations and thus the locations of standing waves creates a different Fresnel pattern and thus causes focusing at a different point and this can be used to detect whether or not the frequency of the oscillations, from an oscillator such as a timing oscillator (or clock) in a data processing system is too high or low by having a number of photodiodes positioned at different places along the axis of the system (Fig. 1, not shown), i.e. at different points of focus corresponding to different frequencies. In order to obtain a standing wave which defines Fresnel zones, plate 50 is in the form of a bi-concave lens the two faces of which define parabolas, and the simple lens action of plate 50 is cancelled by convex lens 18. The mouldable stress-optic material may be " Plexiglass " (Trade Mark), or any plastics material which is stress-optic. The plate may be annealed before the lens is finally constructed, or heated at its centre during focusing, so as to cause the velocity of propagation of the stress wave to be different across the material in accordance to the desired Fresnel standing wave pattern.