ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT SENSOR ("ELIS-S")

An enzyme-linked immunology-based sensors and biosensors, including systems and methods thereof are described herein. The novel use of electrochemical techniques in conjunction with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques to allow for the detection and/or quantification of a target in a sample, and thus allows for significant improvements over existing approaches, including decreased time required for testing a sample. The sensors described herein are particularly appropriate for applications requiring rapid results, for example, testing in the point of care setting in healthcare applications. Additionally, sensors described herein may also have particular usefulness in monitoring for the recurrence of bladder cancer.