ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL FOR FORMING OXYGEN OR HYDROGEN GAS

A method of forming oxygen or hydrogen gas from water includes flowing an anolyte from outside an electrochemical cell to contact an anode of the electrochemical cell, wherein the method is free of flowing a catholyte from outside of the electrochemical cell to contact a cathode of the electrochemical cell, and wherein the cathode forms hydrogen gas. Alternatively, the method includes flowing a catholyte from outside the electrochemical cell to contact the cathode of the electrochemical cell, wherein the method is free of flowing an anolyte from outside of the electrochemical cell to contact the anode of the electrochemical cell, and wherein the anode forms oxygen gas. The electrochemical cell includes the anode, the cathode, and an ion exchange membrane between the anode and the cathode.