DISTRIBUTED CELL FORMATION SYSTEMS AND PRE-LITHIATION MODULES FOR LITHIUM CONTAINING SECONDARY BATTERIES

A pre-lithiation module for a lithium containing secondary battery includes a switched capacitor circuit, a pre-lithiation module controller connected to the switched capacitor circuit, a battery connector for electrical connection to an electrode busbar and a counter-electrode busbar of the lithium containing secondary battery, and a pre-lithiation connector for electrical connection to an auxiliary electrode of the lithium containing secondary battery. The pre-lithiation module controller includes a processor and a memory. The memory of the pre-lithiation module controller stores instructions that program the pre-lithiation module controller to operate the switched capacitor circuit to selectively conduct a current through the auxiliary electrode to diffuse lithium to electrode active material layers of the lithium containing secondary battery.