METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR PERFORMING TRANSFORMATION TECHNIQUES FOR DATA CLUSTERING AND/OR CLASSIFICATION

Some aspects include transforming data for which at least one constraint has been specified on a portion of the data, the at least one constraint relating to a similarity and/or dissimilarity of at least some of the portion of the data. Techniques comprise determining a first transformation that approximates the at least one constraint using a cosine similarity as a measure of the similarity and/or dissimilarity of the at least a portion of the data, applying at least the first transformation to the data to obtain transformed data, and fitting a plurality of clusters to the transformed data to obtain a plurality of established clusters. Some aspects include classifying input data by transforming the input data using at least the first transformation and comparing the transformed input data to the established clusters.