Single-certificate multi-factor authentication

A method of multi-factor authentication includes receiving, by a first electronic device, a partial digital certificate including partial certificate information omitting at least one authentication factor from complete certificate information, and a signature encrypting a first hash of the complete certificate information with a certificate authority private key. The method also includes obtaining the first hash by decrypting, by the first electronic device, the signature with a certificate authority public key corresponding to the certificate authority private key; generating, by the first electronic device, a second hash based on the partial certificate information in the partial digital certificate and the at least one authentication factor; and comparing, by the first electronic device, the second hash to the first hash.