Method and device for processing audio signal using audio filter having non-linear characteristics to prevent receipt of echo signal

An electronic device includes an audio input module, an audio output module, and a processor. The processor is configured to provide a first signal and a second signal into which a first audio signal is processed, output the first audio signal through the audio output module, acquire an external audio signal comprising the first audio signal of the electronic device, acquire a first output value through a first input channel of an audio filter, acquire a second output value through a second input channel of the audio filter, and provide a second audio signal, based at least on a first difference value between the magnitude value corresponding to the first frequency of the external audio signal and the first output value and a second difference value between the magnitude value corresponding to the second frequency of the external audio signal and the second output value.