Counterfactual measure for medical diagnosis

A method for providing a computer-implemented medical diagnosis includes receiving an input from a user comprising at least one symptom of the user. The method also includes providing the at least one symptom as an input to a medical model, the medical model being retrieved from memory. The medical model includes a probabilistic graphical model comprising probability distributions and relationships between symptoms and diseases. The method also includes performing inference on the probabilistic graphical model to obtain a prediction of the probability that the user has that disease. The method also includes outputting an indication that the user has a disease from the Bayesian inference, wherein the inference is performed using a counterfactual measure.