Storage system with binding of host non-volatile memory to one or more storage devices

A storage system in one embodiment comprises a host processor that includes a first non-volatile memory. The storage system further comprises a storage device that is coupled to the host processor. A designated portion of the first non-volatile memory is bound to the storage device responsive to storage of binding information in at least one partition table associated with the first non-volatile memory. The storage device may include a storage controller that includes a configuration register space. The binding information may be copied from the one or more partition tables to the configuration register space in conjunction with a boot operation of the host processor. The host processor illustratively comprises a storage device driver having access to the binding information copied to the configuration register space of the storage device. The storage device driver may be configured to utilize the designated portion of the first non-volatile memory that is bound to the storage device as a write back cache.