Accelerated data storage synchronization for node fault protection in distributed storage system

Systems, methods, and articles of manufacture comprising processor-readable storage media are provided for implementing an accelerated data storage synchronization to protect data in a storage system. For example, a first server node accesses a data block from a protected storage system in response to a request from an application executing on the first server node. A modified data block is written to a write-back cache of the first server node. A synchronization operation is performed in response to a request by the application, which includes sending a copy of the modified data block in the write-back cache to a second server node to temporarily store the copy of the modified data block in a storage media of the second server node, and informing the application that the synchronization operation is deemed complete after the copy of the modified data block is stored in the storage media of the second server node.