Liquid crystal reconfigurable intelligent surface devices

Apparatuses and methods are described for liquid crystal (LC) reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) substrate designs and materials. In some examples, an LC RIS device includes a first metal layer and a second metal layer, where each of the first metal layer and the second metal layer are deposited within a glass substrate. The first metal layer has a first size, and the second metal layer has a second size, wherein the first size and the second size differ. Further, device includes an LC layer disposed between the first metal layer and the second metal layer. In some examples, the first metal layer includes a plurality of columns, where each of the plurality of columns includes a first plurality of LC active layers. In some examples, the second metal layer includes a plurality of rows, where each of the plurality of rows includes a second plurality of LC active layers.