Deformable conductive contacts

Deformable conductive contacts are provided. A plurality of deformable contacts on a first substrate may be joined to a plurality of conductive pads on a second substrate during die level or wafer level assembly of microelectronics. Each deformable contact complies to a degree that is related to the amount of joining pressure between the first substrate and the second substrate. Since an individual contact can make the conductive coupling within a range of distances from a target pad, an array of the deformable contacts provides tolerance and compliance when there is some variation in height of the conductive elements on either side of the join. A flowable underfill may be provided to press the deformable contacts against opposing pads and to permanently join the surfaces at a fixed distance. The deformable contacts may include a wiping feature to clear their target pads for establishing improved metal-to-metal contact or a thermocompression bond.