FIXING MEMBER, HEATING APPARATUS AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a fixing member having excellent durability in which separation of a surface layer hardly occurs even in use for a long period of time in a heating apparatus.SOLUTION: A fixing member for electrophotography has a substrate, an elastic layer, an intermediate layer and a surface layer including a fluororesin. The elastic layer includes a silicone rubber and a sodium ion. The intermediate layer includes polysiloxane including an amino group. In the surface layer, a phosphate group is bonded to a surface of the intermediate layer to form a primer layer including a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether), and then on the primer layer is formed a coating film including a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether), or a coating film including a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene, and formed by fusing the copolymer in the primer layer and the copolymer in the coating film.