END-TO-END LEARNING IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

An apparatus, method and computer program performs initializing parameters of a transmission system. The transmission system comprises a transmitter, a first channel, a relay, a second channel and a receiver. The transmitter includes a transmitter algorithm having trainable weights, the relay includes a relay algorithm having trainable weights and the receiver includes a receiver algorithm having trainable weights. A first training sequence of messages is received, and the first training sequence of messages is sent from the transmitter to the relay using the first channel and is sent from the relay to the receiver using the second channel. A loss function is obtained or generated, and trainable parameters of the transmission system are updated based on the loss function. The trainable parameters include some of the trainable weights of the transmitter, some of the trainable weights of the relay, and some of the trainable weights of the receiver.