Systems and/or methods for end-to-end business process management, business event management, and/or business activity monitoring

The example embodiments disclosed herein relate to application integration techniques built around the publish-and-subscribe model (or one of its variants). In certain example embodiments, application integration techniques for managing and/or monitoring a business process comprising a plurality of activities, events, and/or objects located in at least one resource external to the application integration system and a process engine thereof are provided. During design time, by introspecting the business object types involved in the activities, events, and/or objects of the at least one resource, potential state changes may be identified, and an integrative linkage may be established, with the integrative lineage being managed and maintained by a process monitoring agent (PMA). During runtime, the PMA may "listen" to the business object state changes in the at least one external resource and notify the local process engine accordingly.