Fast distributed optical time domain reflection system and Rayleigh interference spectrum measurement demodulation method

The invention provides a fast distributed optical time domain reflection system and a Rayleigh interference spectrum measurement demodulation method. The fast distributed optical time domain reflection system based on the compressed sensing technology comprises a first laser, an electro-optical modulator, an arbitrary waveform generator, a first circulator, a second laser, a driver, an acoustic optical modulator, a first erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier, a second circulator, a second erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier, an adjustable filter, a detector, a data acquisition card and an optical fiber. According to the technical scheme, data compression is directly achieved in the collection process, the number of frequencies needing to be scanned for Rayleigh interference spectrum measurement is reduced, compared with traditional collection-compression-storage, hardware pressure of collection equipment is directly reduced, high-fidelity reconstruction of the Rayleigh interference spectrum is achieved throug