Methods of treatment and diagnosis of cancer

The present invention provides therapeutic and diagnostic methods and compositions for cancer (e.g., bladder cancer (e.g., UC) or kidney cancer (e.g., RCC). In particular, the present invention provides methods for determining the expression level of a biomarker based on the expression level of the biomarker of the invention (e.g., one or more genes shown in any one of Tables 1 to 7, e.g., IL8). The present invention relates to a method for identifying an individual having cancer that is likely to respond to treatment with an anti-cancer therapy comprising a PD-L1 axis binding antagonist, a method for selecting a therapy for an individual having cancer, a method for identifying an individual having cancer that is less likely to respond to treatment with an anti-cancer therapy comprising a PD-L1 axis binding antagonist monotherapy, and a method for identifying an individual having cancer that is likely to respond to treatment with an anti-cancer therapy comprising a PD-L1 axis binding antagonist monotherapy. M