Quick clamping device for water well drilling rig and operation method of quick clamping device

The water well drilling rig rapid clamping device comprises a power head main shaft, the lower end of the power head main shaft is connected with a transition shaft, the bottom of the transition shaft is provided with a guide connecting structure, a plurality of open grooves are formed in the guide connecting structure, the guide connecting structure is connected with a guide sleeve, and the guide sleeve is connected with the transition shaft. A guide inclined face is arranged on the inner side of the guide sleeve, the outer surface of the transition shaft is movably connected with a tooth plate seat, the outer side of the tooth plate seat is connected with a power device, a plurality of clamping tooth plates are arranged on the inner side of the tooth plate seat and correspond to the open grooves, and the side faces of the clamping tooth plates are matched with the guide inclined face. A protective short connector is arranged on the lower portion of the transition shaft, the protective short connector is con