Estimating contact angle between catheter and tissue, and related devices, systems, and methods

Systems and methods for determining a contact angle of a catheter relative to tissue are provided. In one embodiment, a system includes a catheter having three or more electrodes, and a processor circuit in communication with the catheter. The processor circuit controls the three or more electrodes to emit a plurality of voltages and measures the plurality of voltages. Based on the measured voltage, the processor circuit calculates a first inter-electrode impedance and a second inter-electrode impedance. The processor circuit calculates, for each of a plurality of hypothetical (i.e., model) angles, a first hypothetical (i.e., model) contact force and a second hypothetical (i.e., model) contact force based on the first inter-electrode impedance and the second inter-electrode impedance. The processor circuit determines and outputs the contact angle of the catheter based on a comparison of a first model contact force and a second model contact force calculated for each of the plurality of model angles. 提供了用于确定导管