Hydrogen extraction device and process for recovering tail gas components from synthetic hydrogen

The invention relates to a hydrogen extraction device and process for synthesizing hydrogen and recovering tail gas components. The device comprises a cooler, a gas-liquid separator, an adsorption tower system, a clockwise-discharged gas buffer tank, a desorbed gas buffer tank and a desorbed gas compressor; the cooler is connected with the gas-liquid separator, the gas-liquid separator is connected with the adsorption tower system, the adsorption tower system is communicated with the clockwise-discharged gas buffer tank and the desorbed gas buffer tank, and the desorbed gas buffer tank is connected with the desorbed gas compressor. The adsorption tower system comprises eight adsorption towers, one of the adsorption towers is in a feeding adsorption state at any time, and the technological process comprises adsorption, four times of pressure equalizing and pressure reducing, clockwise releasing, counterclockwise releasing, washing, four times of pressure equalizing and pressure increasing and final product pre