Strengthened glass, glass-ceramic and ceramic articles and methods of making the same through pressurized ion exchange

A method of treating a substrate is provided that includes the steps: submersing a substrate having an outer region containing a plurality of divalent exchangeable ions in a bath that comprises a polar solvent and a plurality of divalent ion-exchanging ions, the substrate comprising a glass, glass-ceramic or ceramic; pressurizing the bath to a predetermined pressure substantially above ambient pressure; and heating the bath to a predetermined temperature above ambient temperature. The method also includes a step of treating the substrate for a predetermined ion-exchange duration such that a portion of the plurality of divalent exchangeable ions is exchanged with a portion of the divalent ion-exchanging ions. In addition, the step of treating the substrate results in a greater number of divalent ion-exchanging ions entering the substrate than divalent exchangeable ions exiting the substrate. 提供了种处理基材的方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：将基材浸没于包含极性溶剂和多个二价离子交换离子的浴中，所述基材具有个外部区域，所述外部区域含有多个二价可交换离子，所述基材包括玻璃、玻璃陶瓷或陶瓷；将所述浴加压至预定的压力，所述预定的压力基本上