Passive seismic imaging

A virtual seismic shot record is generated based at least in part on seismic interferometry of the passive seismic data. Then, a frequency bandwidth of the virtual seismic shot record is determined, wherein the frequency bandwidth comprises a plurality of frequencies. The virtual seismic shot record is transformed into a frequency- dependent seismic shot record based on a first frequency of the plurality of frequencies. Further, a phase shift is applied to the frequency-dependent seismic shot record. A first velocity model is generated from the phase shifted frequency-dependent seismic shot record. A second velocity model may be generated using full-waveform inversion (FWI). One or more depth slices are identified from the second velocity model. A seismic image is generated based on the one or more depth slices for use with seismic exploration above a region of subsurface including a hydrocarbon reservoir and containing structural features conducive to a presence, migration, or accumulation of hydrocarbons.