Reversed dye-sensitized photovoltaic cell

The invention provides a solar cell or photovoltaic element 1, which is a layered structure or stack 25, comprising a flexible conductive composite foil 23, including a support material layer foil 23b and a first electrically conductive layer 23a, an oxide layer 28, a crystalline metal-oxide semi-conductor 26 layer 14, a photosensitization material 15, an electrolytic liquid (or other 18 hole conducting medium) 16, a catalyst layer 19, a transparent second electrically conductive layer 18 and transparent flexible substrate 26.