Effectiveness of Stereoscopic Displays for Indirect-Vision Driving and Robot Teleoperation

A three-part experiment was conducted to investigate the usefulness of two types of three-dimensional (3-D) stereoscopic displays (SDs) for simulated indirect-vision driving (with various terrains) and live robot teleoperation. Results showed that overall, participants completed their tasks significantly faster when they used an SD in 3-D mode compared to the baseline two-dimensional (2-D)/monoscopic condition. They also navigated more accurately with SDs in 3-D mode. When the effectiveness of the SDs was examined separately, the results showed that the system with active 3-D shutter glasses appeared to be more effective in supporting faster responses and task completion times than did the system using passive polarized 3-D glasses. Participants? self-assessed ?simulator sickness? and workload after interacting with the two SD systems did not differ significantly between displays or between the 3-D vs. 2-D modes of operation. The original document contains color images.