Placement of Concrete in the Ocean

This report presents state-of-the-art and proposed methods of concrete placement in the ocean to depths of 20,000 feet. Current technology includes bucket, tremie pipe, pumping, preplaced aggregate and bagged concrete methods as well as oil field cementing techniques. Problem areas, limitations and deficiencies of the current technology are discussed. Five new concepts of ocean concrete placement are presented and evaluated, most of which are variations of the current tremie method or bucket placement. Recommendations are made for research on materials and their properties, test methods, control devices and guidance systems for placement. A comprehensive bibliography is included.