Identifying barriers and drivers for energy efficiency in steel and iron industries of Karachi, Pakistan: Insights from executives and professionals

•Energy shortage impacts energy-intensive industries such as steel and iron.•Lack of awareness is the main barrier to implement energy efficiency practices.•Long-term benefits is identified as important driver for energy-efficient operations. Pakistan has faced a persistent energy deficit over the past few decades, with energy-intensive industries occupying a substantial share of energy consumption. Despite the potential for energy efficiency improvements within the industrial sector, numerous barriers hinder progress. This study identifies the barriers and drivers of energy efficiency practices specifically within the steel and iron industries of the economic hub of Pakistan. Through a questionnaire-based approach and follow-up interviews, responses were gathered from 32 executives and professionals within the steel sector, representing eight firms. Reliability analysis was conducted to ensure the robustness of the data. The analysis reveals that limited awareness and inadequate managerial commitment are significant barriers to energy efficiency initiatives. Moreover, ineffective policies and a lack of government implementation plans contribute to diminishing demand for energy-efficient technologies. However, there is a growing interest among respondents in reducing energy consumption to enhance cost-effectiveness. Key drivers such as long-term economic benefits, improved working conditions, and cost savings emerge as crucial factors motivating the adoption of energy-efficient practices. Positively, some companies have already initiated energy-saving measures, including the adoption of advanced technologies and renewable energy sources. These findings highlight the urgent need for collaborative efforts to overcome barriers and promote sustainability in steel and iron sector of Pakistan.