Antimicrobial activity of Ruta angustifolia L. Pers against periodontal pathogen: Porphyromonas gingivalis

is widely recognised as a periodontal pathogen. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the use of medicinal plant extracts as alternative treatments for periodontitis to combat the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. L. Pers has been traditionally used to treat various ailments, including oral bacterial infections. However, the antimicrobial potential of extracts against the periodontal pathogen remains unexplored. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of extracts against . The antimicrobial activity of extracts (crude methanol, hexane and chloroform fractionated extracts) against was evaluated using the well diffusion method. Additionally, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. Biofilm biomass assessment and live/dead cell viability assays were performed to analyse the effect of . extracts. Ultrastructural morphological changes in cells were determined using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). It was found that was susceptible to . extracts, with the chloroform fractionated extract exhibiting the highest inhibition zones. The MIC and MBC of chloroform fractionated extract were determined to be 6.25 mg/mL which substantially reduced biofilm biomass. Live/dead cell viability assays showed the highest percentage of dead cells after 48 h of incubation. FE-SEM confirmed that the chloroform fractionated extract effectively damaged the bacterial cell wall and altered the ultrastructural morphology of . The results indicated that extracts of . has the potential to be used as an alternative treatment in addition to conventional periodontal therapies.