Functional Consequences of Calcium Influx Promoted by Bacterial Pore-Forming Toxins

Bacterial pore-forming toxins induce a rapid and massive increase in cytosolic Ca concentration due to the formation of pores in the plasma membrane and/or activation of Ca -channels. As Ca is an essential messenger in cellular signaling, a sustained increase in Ca concentration has dramatic consequences on cellular behavior, eventually leading to cell death. However, host cells have adapted mechanisms to protect against Ca intoxication, such as Ca efflux and membrane repair. The final outcome depends upon the nature and concentration of the toxin and on the cell type. This review highlights the repercussions of Ca overload on the induction of cell death, repair mechanisms, cellular adhesive properties, and the inflammatory response.