Biomass-derived carbon materials for batteries: Navigating challenges, structural diversities, and future perspective

Biomass-derived carbon offers a promising solution for energy storage due to its low-cost abundance and environmentally sustainable nature. However, biomass carbon materials (BCMs) possess differing physical and chemical properties, which may affect their performance in energy storage applications. It is crucial to tailor the materials for specific applications to achieve consistency and controllable properties, such as pore structure, surface chemistry, and electrical conductivity. Herein, we comprehensively summarize biomass preparation methods and their diverse structures for energy storage validation. This review systematically explains the natural advantages of materials derived from biomass and their use as electrodes in advanced rechargeable batteries, such as lithium-ion, sodium-ion, potassium-ion, lithium-sulfur, and other batteries. This study provided the current research state on biomass-based carbon, encompassing its synthesis, properties, and electrochemical performance. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges and future opportunities to explore further the potential of biomass-derived carbon for the energy storage sector. [Display omitted]