Litterfall assessment and reproductive phenology observation in the Sundarbans, Bangladesh: A comparative study among three mangrove species

•Circular statistics was used to detect seasonal trends of reproductive litterfall of Heritiera fomes, Xylocarpus mekongensis and Bruguiera sexangula in the Sundarbans.•H. fomes and X. mekongensis produced reproductive organs for a specific period. Whereas, B. sexangula produced reproductive organs throughout the year.•Rainfall and relative humidity influenced mature fruit production but temperature, maximum wind speed and day length influenced flowering and immature fruit production. Bangladesh has the single largest mangrove forest in the world, which is under threat from catastrophic disturbance and anthropogenic pressure. The study investigated monthly reproductive litterfall and correlated with climatic factors from March 2016 to February 2018. We applied circular statistics to detect seasonal trends of reproductive litterfall of Heritiera fomes, Xylocarpus mekongensis and Bruguiera sexangula in the Sundarbans. Although flower and fruit fall of H. fomes and X. mekongensis occurred for a specific period. But B. sexangula continued throughout the year. Flower fall of all three species peaked during March. Fruit fall of H. fomes, and X. mekongensis peaked during July and August respectively and the propagule fall of B. sexangula peaked during July. The highest proportion of flower fall was recorded in B. sexangula (2.13 ± 0.29 Mg ha−1year−1) followed by X. mekongensis (1.23 ± 0.07 Mg ha−1year−1) and H. fomes (1.06 ± 0.09 Mg ha−1year−1). But the highest fruit fall was recorded in H. fomes followed by X. mekongensis and B. sexangula. Annual flower and fruit fall were significantly different (p