Particulate matter 10 induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in rhesus macaques skin fibroblast

Particulate matter (PM) is a major air pollutant that affects human health worldwide. PM can pass through the skin barrier, thus causing skin diseases such as heat rash, allergic reaction, infection, or inflammation. However, only a few studies have been conducted on the cytotoxic effects of PM exposure on large-scale animals. Therefore, herein, we investigated whether and how PM affects rhesus macaque skin fibroblasts. Rhesus macaque skin fibroblasts were treated with various concentrations of PM (1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 μg/mL) and incubated for 24, 48, and 72 h. Then, cell viability assay, TUNEL assay, and qRT-PCR were performed on the treated cells. Further, the reactive oxygen species, glutathione, and cathepsin B levels were determined. The MTT assay revealed that PM (>50 μg/mL) proportionately reduced the cell proliferation rate. PM treatment increased TUNEL-positive cell numbers, following the pro-apoptosis-associated genes ( and ) and tumor suppressor gene were significantly upregulated. PM treatment induced reactive oxidative stress. Cathepsin B intensity was increased, whereas GSH intensity was decreased. The mRNA expression levels of antioxidant enzyme-related genes ( and ) were significantly upregulated. Furthermore, PM reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential. The mRNA expression of mitochondrial complex genes, such as , and were also significantly upregulated. In conclusion, these results showed that PM triggers apoptosis and mitochondrial damage, thus inducing ROS accumulation. These findings provide potential information on the cytotoxic effects of PM treatment and help to understand the mechanism of air pollution-induced skin diseases.