Effect of metabolic syndrome on testosterone levels in patients with metastatic prostate cancer: a real-world retrospective study

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been shown to have a negative impact on prostate cancer (PCa). However, there is limited research on the effects of MetS on testosterone levels in metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa). This study aims to investigate the influence of MetS, its individual components, and composite metabolic score on the prognosis of mPCa patients, as well as the impact on testosterone levels. Additionally, it seeks to identify MetS-related risk factors that could impact the time of decline in testosterone levels among mPCa patients. A total of 212 patients with mPCa were included in the study. The study included 94 patients in the Non-MetS group and 118 patients in the combined MetS group. To analyze the relationship between MetS and testosterone levels in patients with mPCa. Additionally, the study aimed to identify independent risk factors that affect the time for testosterone levels decline through multifactor logistic regression analysis. Survival curves were plotted by the Kaplan-Meier method. Compared to the Non-MetS group, the combined MetS group had a higher proportion of patients with high tumor burden, T stage ≥ 4, and Gleason score ≥ 8 points ( < 0.05). Patients in the combined MetS group also had higher lowest testosterone values and it took longer for their testosterone to reach the lowest level ( < 0.05). The median progression-free survival (PFS) time for patients in the Non-MetS group was 21 months, while for those in the combined MetS group it was 18 months ( = 0.001). Additionally, the median overall survival (OS) time for the Non-MetS group was 62 months, whereas for the combined MetS group it was 38 months ( < 0.001). The median PFS for patients with a composite metabolic score of 0-2 points was 21 months, 3 points was 18 months, and 4-5 points was 15 months ( = 0.002). The median OS was 62 months, 42 months, and 29 months respectively ( < 0.001). MetS was found to be an independent risk factor for testosterone levels falling to the lowest value for more than 6 months. The risk of testosterone levels falling to the lowest value for more than 6 months in patients with MetS was 2.157 times higher than that of patients with Non-MetS group ( = 0.031). Patients with hyperglycemia had a significantly higher lowest values of testosterone ( = 0.015). Additionally, patients with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m exhibited lower initial testosterone levels ( = 0.007). Furthermore, patients with TG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L experienced a longer time for testosterone lev