Exploring rapid molecular methods for diagnosing Candida species infecting humans: A narrative review

Background: Candida species are perilous fungal pathogens that can cause various human infections. Accurate and timely identification of these fungi is crucial for appropriate treatment selection and effective disease management. Traditional methods for Candida species identification and characterization, such as phenotypic assays and culture-based techniques, have limitations in accuracy, time-consuming processes, and limited species differentiation. In recent years, molecular methods have emerged as powerful tools for rapid and accurate identification and characterization of Candida species. The molecular methods developed and employed for identifying and characterizing Candida species. It begins by highlighting the challenges associated with conventional methods and the need for more efficient and reliable techniques. The abstract then explores various molecular approaches, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, DNA sequencing, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). These methods leverage the genetic and proteomic characteristics of Candida species to provide accurate and specific identification and strain differentiation. Furthermore, this article discusses the application of molecular methods in clinical settings, epidemiological studies, and antifungal resistance monitoring. Molecular techniques enable rapid detection of Candida species directly from clinical samples, facilitating early diagnosis and prompt initiation of appropriate antifungal therapy. They also play a crucial role in epidemiological investigations, allowing for the identification of clonal outbreaks and the tracking of transmission patterns. Additionally, molecular methods aid in detecting genetic markers associated with antifungal resistance, enabling tailored therapeutic approaches.