Prehospital STEMI Referral Systems and Sex-Related Bias in Canada: A National Survey

Prehospital electrocardiographic ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) diagnosis and prehospital cardiac catheterization laboratory activation have been shown to significantly reduce average treatment delay, and further standardization of such systems may help reduce sex-related treatment and outcome gaps. However, what types of prehospital STEMI activation systems are in place across Canada, and to what extent sex-based STEMI treatment disparities are tracked, is unknown. We conducted a national survey of catheterization laboratory directors between October 11 and December 25, 2021. Seventeen catheterization laboratory directors representing 6 community and 11 academic centres completed the survey (40% response rate). : All responding centres use a prehospital STEMI diagnosis and cardiac catheterization laboratory activation system, and the majority (59%) rely on real-time physician oversight. Slightly less than half (47%) of percutaneous coronary intervention centres reported prospectively tracking sex-related differences in STEMI care, and only one respondent believed that a significant systemic sex-related bias was present in their prehospital STEMI referral system. Patient factors (symptom description or time to presentation; 23.5%) and limitations of electrocardiogram diagnosis of STEMI in women (23.5%) were cited most frequently as contributing to sex-related bias in STEMI referral systems. In contrast, implicit bias in the referral algorithm, prehospital provider bias, and physician bias were not considered important contributing factors. Although all responding centres employ prehospital activation systems, less than half tracked sex-related differences, and most respondents believed that no sex-related bias existed in their prehospital STEMI system. Il a été démontré que le diagnostic préhospitalier par électrocardiogramme de l’infarctus du myocarde avec élévation du segment ST (STEMI) et l’activation du laboratoire de cathétérisme cardiaque préhospitalier permettent de réduire significativement le délai moyen de traitement, et un usage plus standardisé de ces systèmes pourrait contribuer à la réduction des écarts liés au sexe dans les traitements et les résultats de santé. Toutefois, on ignore quels types de systèmes d’activation préhospitaliers pour la prise en charge du STEMI sont en place à travers le Canada, ni dans quelle mesure les disparités de traitement liées au sexe font l’objet d’un suivi. Nous avons mené un sondage national aupr