Leather for flexible multifunctional bio-based materials: a review

Nowadays, diverse leather usage conditions and increasing demands from consumers challenge the leather industry. Traditional leather manufacturing is facing long-term challenges, including low-value threshold, confined application fields, and environmental issues. Leather inherits all the biomimetic properties of natural skin such as flexibility, sanitation, cold resistance, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and other cross-domain functions, achieving unremitting attention in multi-functional bio-based materials. Series of researches have been devoted to creating and developing leather-based flexible multi-functional bio-materials, including antibacterial leather, conductive leather, flame-retardant leather, self-cleaning leather, aromatic leather, and electromagnetic shielding leather. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the commonly used leather-based functional materials. Furthermore, the possible challenges for the development of functional leathers are proposed, and expected development directions of leather-based functional materials are discussed. This review may promote and inspire the emerging preparation and applications of leather for flexible functional bio-based materials. Graphical Abstract