Is greater milk production associated with dairy cows who have a greater probability of ruminating while lying down?

[Display omitted] •Greater lying time and rumination time were associated with greater probability of ruminating while lying down.•Probability of ruminating while lying down was predictive of milk fat content, milk protein content, and DMI.•This research highlights the importance of promoting greater lying time for lactating dairy cows. The objective of this study was to determine whether associations exist between position while ruminating (lying vs. standing) and milk and component production in dairy cows. Data from 30 lactating Holstein cows were assembled from 2 studies in which cows were milked by automated milking system (AMS) and fed a partial mixed ration (PMR) in feed bins that recorded intake behavior. Rumination and lying behavior were monitored using automated neck- and leg-based sensors, respectively. Each cow was monitored over 2 separate 2-wk treatment periods. To estimate position while ruminating for each 2-h period of the day for each cow, a conditional probability was calculated to determine the probability that any rumination time and lying time were occurring at the same time in any 2-h period. These probabilities (RwL), and all behavioral data, were summarized per cow per 2-h interval, and then averaged per day and per 2-wk period, along with milk yield and component data. Cows averaged (mean ± standard deviation) 1.9 ± 1.1 lactations and 85.5 ± 55.2 d in milk, and weighed 668.5 ± 96.0 kg. Data included rumination time (557.7 ± 41.1 min/d), lying time (703.9 ± 65.3 min/d), idle standing time (520.1 ± 83.2 min/d), PMR feeding time (204.7 ± 48.5 min/d), PMR dry matter intake (DMI; 21.8 ± 4.6 kg/d), AMS pellet provision (4.6 ± 1.6 kg/d), total DMI (26.4 ± 4.5 kg/d), milk yield (42.4 ± 7.2 kg/d), milk fat content (3.75 ± 0.51%), and milk protein content (3.21 ± 0.32%). Greater rumination time and lying time were associated with greater RwL probability (mean = 0.19 ± 0.02; range = 0.14 to 0.23). The RwL probability tended to be positively associated with total DMI and milk fat content, was associated with milk protein content, but was not associated with any measures of milk yield. The results indicate that in a free-traffic AMS, cows who have greater probability of ruminating while lying down spend more time ruminating and lying, and tend to consume more total dry matter and produce milk with greater components.