The value of deep neural networks in the pathological classification of thyroid tumors

Background To explore the distinguishing diagnostic value and clinical application potential of deep neural networks (DNN) for pathological images of thyroid tumors. Methods A total of 799 pathological thyroid images of 559 patients with thyroid tumors were retrospectively analyzed. The pathological types included papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), adenomatous goiter, adenoma, and normal thyroid gland. The dataset was divided into a training set and a test set. Resnet50, Resnext50, EfficientNet, and Densenet121 were trained using the training set data and tested with the test set data to determine the diagnostic efficiency of different pathology types and to further analyze the causes of misdiagnosis. Results The recall, precision, negative predictive value (NPV), accuracy, specificity, and F1 scores of the four models ranged from 33.33% to 100.00%. The area under curve (AUC) ranged from 0.822 to 0.994, and the Kappa coefficient ranged from 0.7508 to 0.7713. However, the performance of diagnosing FTC, adenoma, and adenomatous goiter was slightly inferior to other types of pathological tissues. Conclusion The DNN model achieved satisfactory results in the task of classifying thyroid tumors by learning thyroid pathology images. These results indicate the potential of the DNN model for the efficient diagnosis of thyroid tumor histopathology. Keywords: Deep neural network, Thyroid tumor, Pathology, Diagnostics, Artificial intelligence