Characterizing the Impacts of Multi‐Scale Heterogeneity on Solute Transport in Fracture Networks

We model flow and transport in fracture networks with varying degrees of fracture‐to‐fracture aperture heterogeneity and network intensity to show how changes in these properties can cause the emergence of anomalous flow and transport behavior. If fracture‐to‐fracture aperture heterogeneity is increased in sparse networks, velocity fluctuations inhibit high flow rates and solute transport can be delayed. Surprisingly, transport can be slowed even in cases where hydraulic aperture is monotonically increased. As the intensity of the networks is increased, more connected pathways allow for particles to bypass these effects. There exists transition behavior where with relatively few connected pathways in a network, first arrival times of particles are not heavily affected by fracture‐to‐fracture aperture heterogeneity, but the scaling behavior of the tails is strongly influenced. These results reinforce the importance of considering multi‐scale effects in fractured systems and can inform flow and transport processes in both natural and engineered fractured systems. Plain Language Summary Fractured rocks are important to study to understand subsurface geology, hydrology, and engineered systems. Individual fractures often form connected networks with other fractures, which complicates the prediction of flow and transport behavior. In this work, we study how changes in fracture network properties such as the variability of fracture apertures and the number of fractures in a network, affect flow and transport observables, such as the amount of actively flowing network structure, as well as the arrival times of solutes. Our results point to rich behavior where there is a close link between how much variability exists between individual fracture apertures, the network intensity, and the behavior of the solute transport. When fracture networks have relatively few fractures, increases in the magnitude of the fracture apertures and the variability between individual apertures can cause unusual changes in the flow and transport, causing delays in solute transport times. However, these effects are gradually lost as the number of fractures in the network is increased. Our results can inform both natural hydrological processes, as well as engineered systems, such as enhanced geothermal systems and hydraulic fracturing because these systems often create high aperture fractures that connect to natural fractures with lower aperture. Key Points We investigate the influence of